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This sketch depicts the Confederates crossing the Potomac during the Maryland Campaign or the Antietam Campaign (September 4-20, 1862). The Maryland Campaign is considered one of the major turning points of the Civil War.

Confederates Crossing the Potomac

This sketch depicts the Confederates crossing the Potomac during the Maryland Campaign or the Antietam…

The Battle of South Mountain, also known as the Battle of Boonsboro Gap, fought on September 14, 1862 as part of the Maryland Campaign of the Civil War.

Battle of South Mountain

The Battle of South Mountain, also known as the Battle of Boonsboro Gap, fought on September 14, 1862…

Scene by rail-fence, Antietam after the Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg. The Battle of Antietam was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and was the first major battle in the Civil War to take place in the North. This battle was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties.

Battle of Antietam

Scene by rail-fence, Antietam after the Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg.…

The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and was the first major battle in the Civil War to take place in the North. This battle was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties.

Battle of Antietam

The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was fought on September 17, 1862, near…

The Sunken Road at the Battle of Antietam. The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and was the first major battle in the Civil War to take place in the North. This battle was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. The Sunken Road was worn down by years of wagon traffic, which formed a natural trench for the men.

Sunken Road at Battle of Antietam

The Sunken Road at the Battle of Antietam. The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg,…

Burnside's Bridge is a landmark on the Antietam National Battlefield near Sharpsburg, Maryland. During the Battle of Antietam of the Civil War, the bridge played a key role in September of 1862 when a small number of Confederate soldiers from Georgia for several hours held off repeated attempts by elements of the Union Army to take the bridge by force. The Federals seized it but not before the attack was delayed for several hours beyond what Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside had expected. The bridge now bears Burnside's name.

Burnside's Bridge

Burnside's Bridge is a landmark on the Antietam National Battlefield near Sharpsburg, Maryland. During…

Scene at the Sunken Road at the Battle of Antietam. The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and was the first major battle in the Civil War to take place in the North. This battle was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. The Sunken Road was worn down by years of wagon traffic, which formed a natural trench for the men.

Sunken Road at Battle of Antietam

Scene at the Sunken Road at the Battle of Antietam. The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle…

A sketch of a cavalry engagement during the Civil War.

Cavalry Engagement

A sketch of a cavalry engagement during the Civil War.

The Siege of Corinth, also known as the First Battle of Corinth, was a Civil War battle fought from April 29 to June 10, 1862 in Corinth, Mississippi.

Siege of Corinth

The Siege of Corinth, also known as the First Battle of Corinth, was a Civil War battle fought from…

The Battle of Perryville, also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills, was fought on October 8, 1862, in the Chaplin Hills west of Perryville, Kentucky as the culmination of the Confederate Heartland Offensive during the Civil War.

Battle of Perryville

The Battle of Perryville, also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills, was fought on October 8, 1862,…

This sketch depicts Americans exchanging rags for U.S. Army clothing or uniforms to fight for the Union Army during the Battle of Fredericksburg.

Union Uniforms

This sketch depicts Americans exchanging rags for U.S. Army clothing or uniforms to fight for the Union…

Burning of the engine-house at Chambersburg. The borough was the only major northern community burnt down by Confederate forces during the war.

Borough of Chambersburg

Burning of the engine-house at Chambersburg. The borough was the only major northern community burnt…

The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia from December 11 to December 15, 1862 between General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Major General Ambrose E. Burnside. It is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the Civil War.

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia from December 11 to December…

Alfred Burnard's house stood two miles below Fredericksburg, near the river. The Englishman's estate was known as Mansfield, which General Franklin used as his headquarters.

Burnard's House

Alfred Burnard's house stood two miles below Fredericksburg, near the river. The Englishman's estate…

Abner Doubleday (1819 - 1893) was a career United States Army office and Union General in the Civil War. This sketch depicts Doubleday's division during a skirmish at Fredericksburg.

Doubleday's Skirmishes at Fredericksburg

Abner Doubleday (1819 - 1893) was a career United States Army office and Union General in the Civil…

The Marye House is located near Fredericksburg where skirmishes advanced towards during the Battle of Fredericksburg.

Marye House

The Marye House is located near Fredericksburg where skirmishes advanced towards during the Battle of…

Private Thomas Plunkett (1841 - 1885) was a color bearer during the Civil War. He carried the banner of his regiment at the Battle of Fredericksburg when a cannon blast took away both of his hands. He carried on by pressing the flag against his chest with his wrists and continued until one of the color guard took the flag from him so he could retire. For these actions, Plunkett was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Sergeant Thomas Plunkett

Private Thomas Plunkett (1841 - 1885) was a color bearer during the Civil War. He carried the banner…

Soldiers on the march in a storm during the Civil War.

March in the Storm

Soldiers on the march in a storm during the Civil War.

The Battle of Stones River, also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro was fought from December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863 in Tennessee in what is known as the Stones River Campaign in the Civil War.

Battle of Stones River

The Battle of Stones River, also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro was fought from December…

Scene in the afternoon at the Battle of Stones River, also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro was fought from December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863 in Tennessee in what is known as the Stones River Campaign in the Civil War.

Battle of Stones River Scene

Scene in the afternoon at the Battle of Stones River, also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro…

General John C. Breckinridge (1821 - 1875) was a lawyer, U.S. Representative and Senator from Kentucky, the 14th Vice President of the United States, Southern Democratic candidate for President in 1860, a Confederate general in the Civil War and the last Confederate Secretary of War.

John C. Breckinridge

General John C. Breckinridge (1821 - 1875) was a lawyer, U.S. Representative and Senator from Kentucky,…

The Battle of Baton Rouge, also known as Magnolia Cemetery, was a ground and naval battle in the Civil War fought in East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on August 5, 1862. The Union victory halted Confederate attempts to recapture the capital city of Louisiana.

Battle of Baton Rouge

The Battle of Baton Rouge, also known as Magnolia Cemetery, was a ground and naval battle in the Civil…

Gunboats at the Battle of Baton Rouge, also known as Magnolia Cemetery, was a ground and naval battle in the Civil War fought in East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on August 5, 1862. The Union victory halted Confederate attempts to recapture the capital city of Louisiana.

Gunboats at the Battle of Baton Rouge

Gunboats at the Battle of Baton Rouge, also known as Magnolia Cemetery, was a ground and naval battle…

Destruction of the <em>Arkansas</em> during the Battle of Baton Rouge naval battle.

Destruction of the Arkansas

Destruction of the Arkansas during the Battle of Baton Rouge naval battle.

Farmers and soldiers having a foraging party during the Civil War.

Foraging Party

Farmers and soldiers having a foraging party during the Civil War.

The triumphal entry of Garibaldi into Naples. Garibaldi was an Italian military and political figure who assisted in the independence of Uruguay before returning to Naples.

Giuseppe Garibaldi's Triumphal Entry Into Naples

The triumphal entry of Garibaldi into Naples. Garibaldi was an Italian military and political figure…

Farewell visit of Garibaldi to Admiral Mundy on board the "Hannibal" at Naples.

Giuseppe Garibaldi's Farewell Visit to Admiral Mundy

Farewell visit of Garibaldi to Admiral Mundy on board the "Hannibal" at Naples.

Title page made for Mrs. Grundy on Saturday July 8th, 1865. Mrs. Grundy was a short-lived periodical published after the Civil War.

Mrs. Grundy Page Title

Title page made for Mrs. Grundy on Saturday July 8th, 1865. Mrs. Grundy was a short-lived periodical…

President Grant's proposed Civil Service Reform not to the taste of certain Senators.

President Grant's Proposed Civil Service Reform

President Grant's proposed Civil Service Reform not to the taste of certain Senators.

President Grant's Civil Service Reform is not to the liking of either party, despite enthusiasm.

Grant's Civil Service Reform

President Grant's Civil Service Reform is not to the liking of either party, despite enthusiasm.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 depicted with an African American talking to Saint Peter that he can't object to keeping the gates open now.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 depicted with an African American talking to Saint Peter that he can't…

Southern claims before Congress; the solid South change policy.

Southern Claims Before Congress

Southern claims before Congress; the solid South change policy.

Rutherford B. Hayes' policies strengthening the "Solid South" with the Republican Lamb being eaten by the Democratic Tiger.

Republican Lamb Eaten by Democratic Tiger

Rutherford B. Hayes' policies strengthening the "Solid South" with the Republican Lamb being eaten by…

The Queen of Industry, or the New South.

Southern Industry

The Queen of Industry, or the New South.

The great canvasser.

Civil Service Reform

The great canvasser.

Grover Cleveland's support for Civil Service Reform. "A gentle hint to office-seekers."

Cleveland's Civil Service Reform

Grover Cleveland's support for Civil Service Reform. "A gentle hint to office-seekers."

Civil Service Reform is equal justice for both the briber and the bribed.

Justice for Briber and Bribed

Civil Service Reform is equal justice for both the briber and the bribed.

Along the south shore of Lake Superior is a sandstone once regarded as belonging to the Potsdam, but probably, in part , of the age of the Calciferous, in which we search in vain for any of those fossil remains so common in Minnesota. Whaterver its geological age, the Lake Superior sandstone is a formation of remarkable interest. This section across Lake Superior shows (a) water level. (b) trap outburst north of the lake, (c) trap outburst forming Isle Royale, (d) trap outburst forming Kewenaw Point, (e) Lake Superior sandstone and conglomerate. Eözoic and other rocks underlying the sandstone (f).

Sandstone

Along the south shore of Lake Superior is a sandstone once regarded as belonging to the Potsdam, but…

The gars, or garpikes, are members of the Lepisosteiformes (or Semionotiformes), an ancient order of "primitive" ray-finned fish. Fossil gars are found in Europe, South America, and North America, indicating that in times past these fish had a wider distribution than they do today. Gars are considered to be a remnant of a group of rather primitive bony fish that flourished in the Mesozoic, and are most closely related to the bowfin, another archaic fish now found only in North America.

Garpikes Fish

The gars, or garpikes, are members of the Lepisosteiformes (or Semionotiformes), an ancient order of…

The spotted Gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) is a primitive freshwater fish of the family Lepisosteidae, native to North America from the Lake Erie and southern Lake Michigan drainages south through the Mississippi River basin to Gulf Slope drainages, from lower Apalachicola River in Florida to Nueces River in Texas, USA. It has a profusion of dark spots on the body, head and fins. It occurs in quiet, clear pools and backwaters of lowland creeks, small to large rivers, oxbow lakes, swamps and sloughs. It occasionally enters brackish waters. The fish is a voracious predator feeding on various kinds of fishes and crustaceans. They are notable for being one of the few extant fish species with ganoid scales.

Garpikes Fish

The spotted Gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) is a primitive freshwater fish of the family Lepisosteidae, native…

Cataract Creek rises on the slopes of Mount Bullengarook and drains across the lava flow towards the south to join Pyrites Creek. Upper Cataract Creek, near Big Canon, Colorado.

Cataract Creek

Cataract Creek rises on the slopes of Mount Bullengarook and drains across the lava flow towards the…

An illustration of two lictors, members of a special class of Roman civil servants. Lictors had special tasks of attending and guarding magistrates of the Roman Republic and Empire who held imperium; essentially, a bodyguard. The origin of the tradition of lictors goes back to the time when Rome was a kingdom, perhaps acquired from their Etruscan neighbours.

Roman Civil Servants

An illustration of two lictors, members of a special class of Roman civil servants. Lictors had special…

Oliver Cromwell (born April 25, 1599 Old Style, died September 3, 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (born April 25, 1599 Old Style, died September 3, 1658 Old Style) was an English military…

"Glossophaga nigra. GLOSSOPHAGA. A genus of South American phyllostomine bats. These bats are provided with a very long, slender, extensile tongue, brushy at the end ... the tongue being used to lick out the soft pulp of fruits." -Whitney, 1911

Leaf-Nosed Bat

"Glossophaga nigra. GLOSSOPHAGA. A genus of South American phyllostomine bats. These bats are provided…

"Grallaria rex. GRALLARIA. A genus of formicarian passerine birds, a leading group of South American ant-thrushes." -Whitney, 1911

Antpitta

"Grallaria rex. GRALLARIA. A genus of formicarian passerine birds, a leading group of South American…

The Oilbird or Guacharo (Steatornis caripensis) is a bird in the Steatornithidae family, related to the nightjars.

Oilbird

The Oilbird or Guacharo (Steatornis caripensis) is a bird in the Steatornithidae family, related to…

"Flowering branch of Guaco (Mikania guaco). GUACO. The Mikania Guaco, a climbing composite of tropical America; also a medicinal substance consisting of, or an aromatic bitter obtained from, the leaves of this plant." -Whitney, 1911

Guaco Branch

"Flowering branch of Guaco (Mikania guaco). GUACO. The Mikania Guaco, a climbing composite of tropical…

The Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is a mammal in the Camelidae family of even-toed ungulates. It is a South American animal that shares the genus Lama with the llama and was once known as the synonym Auchenia huanaco.

Guanaco

The Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is a mammal in the Camelidae family of even-toed ungulates. It is a South…

Color flag of South Africa. Two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes.

Flag of South Africa, 2009

Color flag of South Africa. Two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central…

Black and white outline flag of South Africa. Two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes

Flag of South Africa, 2009

Black and white outline flag of South Africa. Two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue…

Color illustration of a 13 Star United States flag. The original 13 stars represent the states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. This flag was in use from June 14, 1777 until May 1, 1795.

13 Star United States Flag, 1776

Color illustration of a 13 Star United States flag. The original 13 stars represent the states of Delaware,…

Color illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington. This flag was in use from July 04, 1890 until July 3, 1891.

43 Star United States Flag, 1890

Color illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Idaho,…

Black line illustration of a 13 Star United States flag. The original 13 stars represent the states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. This flag was in use from June 14, 1777 until May 1, 1795.

13 Star United States Flag, 1776

Black line illustration of a 13 Star United States flag. The original 13 stars represent the states…

Black line illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington. This flag was in use from July 04, 1890 until July 3, 1891.

43 Star United States Flag, 1890

Black line illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of…

"Relative positions of the earth and the sun on June 21, the summer solstice. Summer and long days north of the Equator; winter and short days south of it." -Wiswell, 1913

Summer Solstice

"Relative positions of the earth and the sun on June 21, the summer solstice. Summer and long days north…

"Relative positions of the earth and the sun on December 21, the winter solstice. Winter and short days north of the Equator; summer and long days south of it. 1, North Frigid Zone; 2, North Temperate Zone; 3, Torrid Zone; 4, South Temperate Zone; 5, South Frigid Zone." -Wiswell, 1913

Winter Solstice

"Relative positions of the earth and the sun on December 21, the winter solstice. Winter and short days…

"Relative positions of the earth and the sun on March 21 (spring equinox) and September 21 (autumn equinox) as seen from the position occupied by the earth on June 21 (summer solstice). Rays of light and heat meet the earth vertically on the Equator, and the days and nights are everywhere of equal length." -Wiswell, 1913

Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox

"Relative positions of the earth and the sun on March 21 (spring equinox) and September 21 (autumn equinox)…

Macaws are small to large, often colorful New World parrots. Macaws are native to Mexico, Central America, South America, and formerly the Caribbean. Most species are associated with forest, especially rainforest, but others prefer woodland or savanna-like habitats.

Macaw on Branch

Macaws are small to large, often colorful New World parrots. Macaws are native to Mexico, Central America,…

An illustration of flowering plant of the Canadian mayflower, flower (a), and fruit (b). Maianthemum canadense (Canadian May-lily, Canada Mayflower, False Lily-of-the-valley, Canadian Lily-of-the-valley, Twoleaved Solomonseal) is a dominant understory perennial flowering plant in the family Ruscaceae, native to the sub-boreal conifer forests in Canada and the northern United States, from Yukon and British Columbia east to Newfoundland and south to Nebraska and Pennsylvania, and also in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. It can be found growing under both evergreen and deciduous trees.

Canada Mayflower

An illustration of flowering plant of the Canadian mayflower, flower (a), and fruit (b). Maianthemum…

The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), probably the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks, is a dabbling duck which breeds throughout the temperate and sub-tropical areas of North America, Europe, Asia, New Zealand (where it is currently the most common duck species), and Australia. It is strongly migratory in the northern parts of its breeding range, and winters farther south. For example, in North America it winters south to Mexico, but also regularly strays into Central America and the Caribbean between September and May

Mallard Duck

The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), probably the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks, is a dabbling…